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Contact

About the author
Email: plesiosauria@gmail.com
Follow: @adamstuartsmith

Higher taxa

  • Sauropterygia
  • Eosauropterygia
  • Eusauropterygia
  • Pachypleurosauria
  • Nothosauria
  • Pistosauroidea
  • Pistosauria
  • Plesiosauria
  • Pliosauroidea
  • Plesiosauroidea

Families

  • Aristonectidae
  • Brachauchenidae
  • Cimoliasauridae
  • Cryptoclididae
  • Elasmosauridae
  • Leptocleididae
  • Microcleididae
  • Plesiosauridae
  • Pliosauridae
  • Polycotylidae
  • Rhomaleosauridae

Genera

The genera section is under construction, active pages are indicated by an asterisk

  • Alexeyisaurus
  • Alzadosaurus
  • Aphrosaurus
  • *'Apractocleidus'
  • *Archaeonectrus
  • *Aristonectes
  • *Attenborosaurus
  • Augustasaurus
  • Bathyspondylus
  • Bishanopliosaurus
  • *Bobosaurus
  • Borealonectes
  • Brachauchenius
  • *Brancasaurus
  • Callawayasaurus
  • 'Cimoliasaurus'
  • Claudiosaurus
  • Colymbosaurus
  • *Cryptoclidus
  • Cymatosaurus
  • Dactylosaurus
  • Dolichorhynchops
  • *Edgarosaurus
  • *Elasmosaurus
  • Eopolycotylus
  • *Eretmosaurus
  • Eromangasaurus
  • Eurycleidus
  • Fresnosaurus
  • Futabasaurus = 'Futabasuzukiryu'
  • Gallardosaurus
  • Georgiasaurus
  • *Hauffiosaurus
  • Hydralmosaurus
  • Hydrorion
  • Hydrotherosaurus
  • *Kaiwhekea
  • Kimmerosaurus
  • *Kronosaurus
  • *Leptocleidus
  • Leurospondylus
  • *Libonectes
  • *Liopleurodon
  • *Lusonectes
  • *Macroplata
  • *Manemergus
  • *Maresaurus
  • *Marmornectes
  • Mauisaurus
  • Megalneusaurus
  • *Meyerasaurus
  • Microcleidus
  • Morenosaurus
  • *'Morturneria'
  • Muraenosaurus
  • Nichollssaura
  • *Occitanosaurus
  • *'Ogmodirus'
  • Opallionectes
  • *Pachycostasaurus
  • Pahasapasaurus
  • Palmulasaurus
  • Pantosaurus
  • Peloneustes
  • Pistosaurus
  • Plesiopleurodon
  • Plesiopterys
  • *Plesiosaurus
  • Pliosaurus
  • Polycotylus
  • Polyptychodon
  • *Rhomaleosaurus
  • Seeleyosaurus
  • Scanisaurus
  • *Simolestes
  • Sthenarosaurus
  • 'Stretosaurus'
  • Strongylokrotaphus
  • Styxosaurus
  • Sulcusuchus
  • Tatenectes
  • Terminonatator
  • *Thalassiodracon
  • *Thalassomedon
  • 'Thaumatosaurus'
  • *Thililua
  • Trememesacleis'
  • *Tricleidus
  • Trinacromerum
  • Tuarangisaurus
  • Umoonasaurus
  • Vinialesaurus
  • Wapuskanectes
  • Westphaliasaurus
  • Woolungasaurus
  • Yuzhoupliosaurus
  • Zarafasaura

References

Page under construction

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

ADAMS, D. A. 1997. Trinacromerum bonneri, new species, last and fastest pliosaur of the Western Interior Seaway. Texas Journal of Science, 49, 179-198.

ANDREWS, C. W. 1896. On the structure of the plesiosaurian skull. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, 52, 246-253.

----- 1910. A descriptive catalogue of the marine reptiles of the Oxford Clay. Part I. British Museum (Natural History), London, 205 pp. Available from Amazon ($23.99)

----1913. A descriptive catalogue of the marine reptiles of the Oxford Clay. Part II. British Museum (Natural History), London, 205 pp.Available from Amazon ($25.99)

----- 1922. Note on the skeleton of a large plesiosaur (Rhomaleosaurus thorntoni sp. n.) from the Upper Lias of Northamptonshire. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 10, 407-415.

B

Bakker, R. T. 1993. Plesiosaur extinction cycles- Events that mark the beginning, middle and end of the Cretaceous. In Caldwell, W. G. E. and Kaufman, E. G. (eds.). Evolution of the Western Interior Basin: Geological Association of Canada. Special Paper 39, 641-664.

BARDET, N. 1990. Première description de restes de Plesiosaure provenant de Madagascar (gisement de Berere, Campanien). Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, Série II, 310, 855-860.


----- and PENNETIER, E. 1991. Muraenosaurus leedsii SEELEY (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae) dans le Callovien du Calvados (France). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 7, 402-408.


----- 1993. Pliosaurs and plesiosaurs from the Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of Normandy. Revue de Paléobiologie, 7, 1-7.


----- 1993. Une mandibule de Pliosaurus brachyspondylus (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) dans le Kimmeridgien du Boulonnais (France). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 25, 385-392.


----- 1995. Evolution et extinction des reptiles marins au cours du Mésozoïque. Palaeovertebrata, 24, 177-283.

-----; Godefroit, P.; and Sciau, J. 1999. A new elasmosaurid plesiosaur from the Lower Jurassic of Southern France. Palaeontology, 42, (5), 927-952.

-----, MAZIN, J.-M., CARIOU, E., ENAY, R. and KRISHNA, J. 1991. Les Plesiosauria du Jurassique supérieur de la province de Kachchh (Inde). Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, Série II, 313, 1343-1347.


-----, SUBERBIOLA, X. P. and JALIL, N-E. 2003. A new polycotylid plesiosaur from the Late Cretaceous (Turonian) of Morocco. Comptes rendus Palevol, 2, 307-315.

Benton, M. J. 1990. The reign of the reptiles. Kingfisher. London. 143pp.

----- and SPENCER, P. S. 1995. Fossil reptiles of Great Britain. Chapman and Hall, London, 386 pp.

----- and TAYLOR, M. A. 1984. Marine reptiles from the Upper Lias (Lower Toarcian, Lower Jurassic) of the Yorkshire Coast. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 44, (4), (29), 399-429.

BROADHURST, F. M. and DUFFY, L. 1970. A plesiosaur in the Geology Department, University of Manchester. Museums Journal, 70, 29-31.

BROWN, B. 1913. A new plesiosaur, Leurospondylus, from the Edmonton Cretaceous of Alberta. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 32, 605-615.

Brown, D. S. 1981. The English Upper Jurassic Plesiosauroidea (Reptilia) and a review of the phylogeny and classification of the Plesiosauria. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Geology, 35, (4), 253-347.

----- 1983. Discovery of a specimen of the plesiosaur Colymbosaurus trochanterius (Owen) on the island of Portland. Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, 105, 170.

----- 1993. A taxonomic reappraisal of the families Elasmosauridae and Cryptoclididae (Reptilia: Plesiosauroidea). Révue de Paléobiologie, Volume Spécial, 7, 9-16.

----- and BARDET, N. 1994. Plesiosaurus rugosus Owen 1840 (currently Eretmosaurus rugosus; Reptilia; Plesiosauria): proposed designation of a neotype. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 51, 247-248.

BUFFETAUT, E. 1981. A plesiosaur vertebra from the Chichali Formation (Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous) of Pakistan. ?

Brown, D. S. and Cruickshank, A. R. I. 1994. The skull of the Callovian plesiosaur Cryptoclidus eurymerus and the sauropterygian cheek. Palaeontology, 37, (4), 941-953.

-----, MILNER, A. C., and TAYLOR, M. A. 1986. New material of the plesiosaur Kimmerosaurus langhami Brown from the Kimmeridge Clay of Dorset. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology, 40, 225-234.

C

CABRERA, A. 1941. Un plesiosaurio nuevo del Cretáceo del Chubut. Revisita del Museo de la Plata (Neuvo Serio), 2, 113-130.

Caldwell, M. W. 1997a. Limb osteology and ossification patterns in Cryptoclidus (Reptilia: Plesiosauroidea) with a review of sauropterygian limbs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 17, (2), 295-307.

Caldwell, M. W. 1997b. Modified perichondral ossification and the evolution of paddle-like limbs in Ichthyosaurs and Plesiosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 17, (3), 534-547.

Callaway, J. M and Nicholls, E. L. (eds.). Ancient Marine Reptiles. Academic press. London. 501pp. Available from Amazon ($114)

Carrol, R. L. 1981. Plesiosaur ancestors from the upper permian of Madagascar. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 293, 315-383.

Carroll, R, L. 1984. The emergence of marine reptiles in the Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic. Third Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Short Papers. 41-45.

Carroll, R. L. and Gaskill, P. 1985. The nothosaur Pachypleurosaurus and the origin of plesiosaurs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 309, 343-393.

Carroll, R. L. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. Freeman. New York. 698pp.

Carpenter, K. 1997. Comparative cranial anatomy of two North American Cretaceous Plesiosaurs. 191-216. In Callaway, J. M and Nicholls, E. L. (eds.). Ancient Marine Reptiles. Academic press. London. 501pp.

----- 1999. Revision of North American elasmosaurs from the Cretaceous of the western interior. Paludicola, 2, 148-173.

CARPENTER, S. 1995. The discovery of a Wiltshire pliosaur. Geology Today, ?,

Chatterjee, S. and Small, B, J. 1989. New plesiosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica. In Crame, J, A. (ed.) Origins and evolution of the Antarctic Biota. Geological Society Special Publications, 47, 197-215.

Collin, R. and and Janis, C. M. 1997. Morphological constraints on tetrapod feeding mechanisms: why were there no suspension-feeding marine reptiles. 451-466. In Callaway, J. M and Nicholls, E. L. (eds.). Ancient Marine Reptiles. Academic press. London. 501pp.

Cruickshank, A. R. I.; Small, P. G.; and Taylor, M. A. 1991. Dorsal nostrils and hydrodynamically driven underwater olfaction in plesiosaurs. Nature,352, 62-64.

CLARKE, J. and ETCHES, S. 1991. Predation amongst Jurassic marine reptiles. Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, 113, 202-205.

Cruickshank, A. R. I. 1994. A Juvenile plesiosaur (Plesiosauria: Reptilia) from the Lower Lias (Hettangian: Lower Jurassic) of Lyme Regis, England: a pliosauroid-plesiosauroid intermediate? Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 112, 151-178.

Cruickshank, A, R, I.; 1994. Cranial anatomy of the Lower Jurassic pliosaur Rhomaleosaurus megacephalus (Stutchbury) (Reptilia: Plesiosauria). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 343, 247-260.

Cruickshank, A. R. I., Martill, D. M., Noe, L. F. 1996. A pliosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) exhibiting pachyostosis from the Middle Jurassic of England. Journal of the Geological Society, London,153, 873-879.

Cruickshank, A, R, I. 1996. A Pistosaurus-like sauropterygian from the Rhaeto-Hettangian of England. Mercian Geologist, 14, (1) 12-13.

Cruickshank, A. R. I. And Fordyce, R. E. 2002. A new marine reptile (Sauropterygia) from New Zealand: further evidence for a late Cretaceous Austral radiation of cryptoclidid plesiosaurs. Palaeontology, 45, (3), 557-575.

D

Dawn, A. 1997. Fossil marine reptiles of the Peterborough brick pits. Mercian Geologist, 14, (2), 90-93.

DELAIR, J. B. 1982. New and little-known Jurassic reptiles from Wiltshire. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, 76, 155-164.

----- and VAUGHN, R. F. 1992. The first record of Portlandian plesiosaurs from Swindon, Wiltshire. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, 85, 121-127.

Druckenmiller, P. S. 2002. Osteology of a new plesiosaur from the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) Thermopolis Shale of Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22, (1), 29-42.

E

ELLIS, R. 2003. Sea Dragons – predators of the prehistoric oceans. University Press of Kansas, 313pp. Available from Amazon ($13.57)

Evans, M. 1999. A new reconstruction of the skull of the Callovian elasmosaurid plesiosaur Muraenosaurus leedsii Seely. Mercian Geologist, 14, (4), 191-196.

Everhart, M. J. 2005. Oceans of Kansas – a natural history of the Western Interior Sea. Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 322pp. Available from Amazon ($26.37)

Everhart, M. J. 2007. Sea Monsters – Prehistoric creatures of the deep. National Geographic, 192pp. Available from Amazon ($19.80)

F

Forrest, R. 1998. A possible early elasmosaurian plesiosaur from the Triassic/Jurassic boundary of Nottinghamshire. Mercian Geologist, 14, (3), 135-143.

----- 2003. Ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs from the Lower Spilsby Sansdstone member (Upper Jurassic), north Lincolnshire. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 54, 269-275.

FRAAS, E. 1910. Plesiosaurier aus dem oberen Lias von Holzmaden. Palaeontographica, 57, 105-140.

FREY, E. and REISS, J. 1982. Considerations concerning plesiosaur locomotion. Konstructions Morphologie?, 193-194.

G

Gasparini, Z. 1997. A new plesiosaur from the Bajocian of the Neuquen Basin, Argentina. Palaeontology, 40, (1), 135-147.

GASPARINI, Z., and SPALLETTI, L. 1993. First Callovian plesiosaurs from the Neuquen Basin, Arentina. Ameghiniana?, 30, 245-254.

----- BARDET, N., and ITURRALDE-VINCENT, M. 2002. A new cryptoclidid plesiosaur from the Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) of Cuba. Geobios, 35, 201-211.

-----, -----, MARTIN, J. E., and FERNÁNDEZ, M. 2003a. The elasmosaurid plesiosaur Aristonectes Cabrera from the latest Cretaceous of South America and Antarctica. Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology, 23, 104-115.

-----, CASADIO, S., FERNÁNDEZ, M., and SALGADO, L. 2001. Marine reptiles from the Late Cretaceous of northern Patagonia. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 14, 51-60.

-----, SALGADO, L. 2000. Elasmosáuridos (Plesiosauria) del Cretácico Terdío del norte de Patagonia. Revista Española de Paleontología, 15, 13-21.

-----, -----, and CASADIO, S. 2003b. Maastrichtian plesiosaurs from northern Patagonia. Cretaceous Research, 24, 152-170.

GODEFROIT, P. 1994. Simolestes keileni sp. nov., un pliosaure (Plesiosauria, Reptilia) du Bajocien supérieur de Lorraine (France). Bulletin des Académie et Société Lorraines des Sciences, 33, 77-?.

----- 1995. Plesiosauria (Reptilia) Sinémuriens de Lorraine belge. Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 65, 165-178.

GODFREY, S. J. 1984. Plesiosaur subaqueous locomotion a reappraisal. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, 42, 661-672.

H

Halstead, L. B. Liopleurodon rossicus (Novozhilov) - a pliosaur from the Lower Volgian of the Moscow Basin. Palaeontology, 14, p566-571.

Halstead, L. B. 1989. Plesiosaur locomotion. Journal of the geological society London, 146. Pages 37-40.

HAUFF, B. 1953. Das Holzmadenbuch. Hohenlohe’schen Buchhandlung, F.Rau, Öhringen, 54 pp.

HILLER, N., MANNERING, A. A., JONES, C. M., and CRUICKSHANK, A. R. I. 2005. The nature of Mauisaurus haasti Hector 1874 (Reptilia: Sauropterygia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.

HECTOR, J. 1873. On the fossil Reptilia of New Zealand. Transactions of the geological survey of New Zealand, ?, 333-?.

HOPLEY. P, J. 2000. A new plesiosaurid specimen from the Sinemurian, Lower Jurassic, of southern England. Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, 122, 129-138.

HUENE, F. von. 1935. Ein plesiosauruer-rest aus Grönländischem oberem Jura.Kommission for Videnskabelige Undersøgelser I Grønland, 99, 1-11.

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K

KEAR, B. P. 2001. Elasmosaur (Reptilia: Plesiosauria) basicranial remains from the early Cretaceous of Queensland. Records of the South Australian Museum, 34, 127-133.

----- 2002. Reassesment of the Early Cretaceous plesiosaur Cimoliasaurus maccoyi Etheridge 1904 (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from White Cliffs, New South Wales. Australian Journal of Zoology, 50, 671-685.

----- 2003. Cretaceous marine reptiles of Australia: a review of taxonomy and distribution. Cretaceous Research, 24, 277-303.

----- 2005. Marine reptiles from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)deposits of White Cliffs, southeastern Australia: implications of a high latitude, cold water assemblage. Cretaceous Research, 26, 769-782.

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L

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MAISCH, M. W. 1998. Notes on the cranial osteology of Muraenosaurus Seeley, 1874 (Sauropterygia, Jurassic), with special reference to the neurocranium and its implications for sauropterygian phylogeny. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 207, 207-253.

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N

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O

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R

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Rieppel, O and Wernberg, R. 1998. A new species of the sauropterygian Cymatosaurus from the Lower Muschelkalk of Thuringia, Germany. Palaeontology, 41, (4), 575-589.

Rieppel, O. 1999. Phylogeny and Palaeobiogeography of Triassic Sauropterygia: problems solved and unreseolved. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 153, 1 -15.

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S

Sander, P. M.; Rieppel, O. C. and Bucher, H. 1997. A new Pistosaurid (reptilia from the Middle Triassic of Nevada and its implications for the origin of the plesiosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 17, (3), 526-533.

SATO, T. 2003. Terminonatator ponteixensis, a new elasmosaur (Reptilia; Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Saskatchewan. Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology, 23, 89-103.

Sato, T. and Tanabe, K. 1998. Cretaceous plesiosaurs ate ammonites. Nature, 394, 629-630.

----- and STORRS, G. W. 2000. An early polycotylid plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Cretaceous of Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Paleontology, 74, 907-914.

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The skeletons in the site header are (from left to right): Kronosaurus (in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge), Thalassomedon (in the American Museum of Natural History, New York), Cryptoclidus (In the Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery, Glasgow), Rhomaleosaurus (in the Natural History Museum, London), Dolichorhynchops (in the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, Washington) and Thalassiodracon (in the Natural History Museum, London).

©2011 Copyright Adam S. Smith. This site opened in June 2001. Last updated January 2012.